解剖学和形态学
麻醉学
听力与言语-语言病理学
行为科学
心脏和心血管系统
细胞和组织工程学
临床神经病学
危重症监护医学
牙科,口腔外科和医学
皮肤病学
急诊医学
内分泌学和新陈代谢
肠胃学和肝脏学
老人病学和老年医学
卫生保健科学和服务
血液学
免疫学
传染病
综合和补充性医学
医学伦理学
医学信息学
医学实验室技术
医学,全科和内科
医学,法律
医学,研究和试验
神经系统科学
护理
营养学和饮食学
产科医学和妇科医学
肿瘤学
眼科学
整形外科学
耳鼻喉科学
病理学
儿科学
周围血管疾病
药理学和药剂学
生理学
基本医疗保健
精神病学
公共、环境和职业卫生
放射学,核医学和医学成像
康复学
生殖生物学
呼吸系统
风湿病学
运动科学
外科学
毒理学
热带医学
泌尿学和肾脏学
病毒学
老年医学
健康政策和服务
心理学,临床
abstract::In a growing number of countries tobacco companies are severely restricted in how they can legally market their products. In these 'dark' markets the role of packaging as a promotional and communications tool becomes more pronounced. How packaging is used for the most expensive cigarette brands in dark markets has rec...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050681
更新日期:2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Little evidence, other than that commissioned by the tobacco industry, exists on the size of the illicit tobacco trade. This study addresses this gap by examining the level and nature of illicit cigarettes and hand-rolled tobacco in 18 European countries. DESIGN:Face-to-face cross-sectional survey on smoking...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050644
更新日期:2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this paper was to examine trends in the use of premium and discount cigarette brands and determine correlates of type of brand used and brand switching. METHODS:Data from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) US adult smoker cohort survey were analysed. The total study sample included 6669 a...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051045
更新日期:2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::While the 'low-tar' scheme has been widely recognised as a misleading tactic used by the tobacco industry to deceive the public about the true risks of cigarette smoking, a similar campaign using the slogan of 'less harmful, low tar' was launched by the Chinese tobacco industry, that is, State Tobacco Monopoly Adminis...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050691
更新日期:2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:While cigarette purchasing behaviour has been shown to be linked with certain tobacco use outcomes such as quit intentions and quit attempts, there have been very few studies examining cigarette purchasing behaviours and their impact on cigarette price and consumption in China, the world's largest cigarette ...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051057
更新日期:2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:A system of price-cap regulation has previously been suggested to address the market failure inherent to the tobacco industry. This would benefit public health directly (eg, by making it extremely difficult for the industry to sell cut-price cigarettes, or use price as a marketing strategy) and indirectly (eg...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050385
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:AIMS:To describe levels of knowledge on the harmful effects of tobacco and public support for tobacco control measures in nine countries of the former Soviet Union and to examine the characteristics associated with this knowledge and support. METHODS:Standardised, cross-sectional nationally representative surveys cond...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050249
更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Since its introduction in 2006, snus has been aggressively marketed by tobacco companies. However, little is known about the awareness, perceptions and use of snus among young adults after Camel and Marlboro snus were sold nationwide in 2010. METHODS:Data were collected from 2607 young adults (ages 20-28) w...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050383
更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To identify the international philanthropies that have invested in tobacco control in China, describe their role and strategies in changing the social norms of tobacco use, and define the outcomes achieved. METHODS:Information on the international philanthropic donor China projects, including activities and ...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050924
更新日期:2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:The social gradient in smoking contributes substantially to the health gap between the rich and poor. Passive smoking by children is associated with increased risk of more severe asthma, respiratory diseases and infections, middle ear disease and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. This study examined trends in the...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050297
更新日期:2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:CONTEXT:The European Union (EU) Tobacco Products Directive that bans sales of snus (a form of oral tobacco) in EU countries other than Sweden is currently under review. Major tobacco companies favour the ban being overturned. This study aims to explore compliance with the current ban on snus sales and examines the cond...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050209
更新日期:2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The tobacco industry's use of social media sites, such as Facebook, is an emerging area of research; however, this is the first study of the potential for social media to advance tobacco control. This paper presents three case studies of using social media for tobacco control advocacy, demonstrates how social media ca...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050721
更新日期:2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The tobacco-free generation proposal advocates legislation precluding the sale and supply of tobacco to individuals born after a certain year. The measure is aimed at overcoming defects with current youth access laws that suffer from rite-of-passage and mixed signalling effects. Since its introduction in 2010, the pro...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050865
更新日期:2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Long-term success for any tobacco endgame is contingent not only on acquiring political will, but also on sustaining it over a long period of time, perhaps even for decades. Future cohorts of public health professionals with knowledge of tobacco issues are therefore needed to carry on with the endgame strategy (should...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050810
更新日期:2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:This study estimates the relative contribution of policies implemented between 1998 and 2010 to reductions in smoking prevalence by 2010. It then models the impact of implementing stronger policies, relative to a scenario of inaction, on smoking prevalence and smoking-attributable mortality in Ireland. METH...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050248
更新日期:2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Sponsorship of Formula One (F1) motor racing, which has been used as an indirect medium of tobacco advertising for several decades, was prohibited by the 2005 European Union Tobacco Advertising Directive. Most F1 tobacco sponsorship of motor racing in the EU has since ceased, with the exception of the Scuder...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.2011.043448
更新日期:2012-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Smoke-free policies have been extended to enclosed workplaces in many countries; however, smoking continues to be commonly allowed on psychiatric premises. The aim of this study was to describe tobacco control strategies undertaken in psychiatric inpatient services and day centres in Spain. METHODS:This c...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050029
更新日期:2012-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) is a serious public health threat and represents a preventable cause of morbidity among children. Sleep bruxism is characterised by teeth grinding or clenching movements during sleep and may begin in adulthood as well as in childhood. OBJECTIVES:To investigate the associat...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050217
更新日期:2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To assess the determinants of smoking behaviour and to estimate the impact of tobacco consumption on the consumption of other commodities by Cambodian households. METHODS:To assess the determinants of smoking in Cambodia, the authors used a logistic regression model that estimated the probability of an indi...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.2010.042598
更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Secondhand smoke (SHS) represents a major preventable cause of morbidity for communities, especially for children, who are more susceptible than adults to the adverse effects of passive smoking. SHS contains several carcinogens, including benzene. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the role of household characteristi...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.2010.039255
更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:A four-stage model of the cigarette epidemic was proposed in 1994 to communicate the long delay between the widespread uptake of cigarette smoking and its full effects on mortality, as had been experienced in economically developed countries where cigarette smoking became entrenched decades earlier in men th...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050294
更新日期:2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To conduct a review of research examining the effects of tobacco industry denormalisation (TID) on smoking-related and attitude-related outcomes. METHODS:The authors searched Pubmed and Scopus databases for articles published through December 2010 (see figure 1). We included all peer-reviewed TID studies we ...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050200
更新日期:2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The recognition that tobacco control and human rights concerns overlap is quite recent. This commentary reflects upon tobacco control's growth through allying with other domains, and details a particular effort to build alliances between tobacco control and human rights practitioners. ...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050331
更新日期:2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the influence of newspaper coverage and a media campaign about Dutch smoke-free legislation on smokers' support for smoke-free bars and restaurants and on secondhand smoke (SHS) harm awareness. DESIGN AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:A content analysis was conducted of 1041 newspaper articles on the smoke...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.2010.040477
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In Thailand, the prevalence of smoking has steadily declined over the past 20 years, suggesting an effective tobacco control policy. However, the prevalence has recently stabilised and youth smoking now appears to be on the rise. Tobacco use is the third highest risk factor contributing to the burden of disease in the...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/tc.2011.043331
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:It has been suggested that inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity by components of cigarette smoke may impact on smoking addiction, but it is unclear to what extent the known MAO inhibitors in tobacco smoke cause this inhibition. METHODS:MAO inhibitory activity was measured in a series of tobacco pa...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.2010.040287
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mass media campaigns, while often expensive, are proven, cost-effective interventions and should not be considered out-of-reach, especially where governments have some sway over media markets, where large media discounts are possible or where other novel strategies can be employed. ...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.2010.041269
更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To review evidence on the impact of health warning messages on tobacco packages. DATA SOURCES:Articles were identified through electronic databases of published articles, as well as relevant 'grey' literature using the following keywords: health warning, health message, health communication, label and labell...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/tc.2010.037630
更新日期:2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To better estimate the burden of toxic cigarette butt waste and create awareness of the hazardous nature of cigarette butts on two large university campuses in San Diego by organizing and conducting student cigarette butt clean-up activities. METHODS:Two separate campus-wide clean-ups were conducted by stude...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.2010.040139
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine what the tobacco industry knew about the potential effects of menthol on smoking topography-how a person smokes a cigarette. METHODS:A snowball strategy was used to systematically search the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library (http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu) between 1 June 2010 and 9 August 2010. ...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/tc.2010.041988
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Cigarette butt litter is a potential target of tobacco control. In addition to its toxicity and non-biodegradability, it can justify environmental regulation and policies that raise the price of tobacco and further denormalise its use. This paper examines how the tobacco industry has managed the cigarette bu...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.2010.036491
更新日期:2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:AIM:To evaluate the short-term impacts of removing point-of-sale tobacco displays in Ireland, implemented in July 2009. METHODS:Retailer compliance was assessed using audit surveys in 2007, 2008 and 2009. Using a monthly survey of 1000 adults carried out since 2002, changes in smoking prevalence were assessed; attitud...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.2010.038141
更新日期:2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine how information on chemical constituents of different smokeless tobacco products (STPs) may be used in cancer risk assessment for regulatory purposes. METHODS:This study investigated select STP constituents potentially associated with significant cancer risk by applying a known toxicological ris...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.2010.037135
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To investigate the relationship between the Chinese tobacco industry and academic institutions in China. METHODS:We searched online databases of journal articles published in both Chinese and English for academic institutions in China conducting research with or sponsored by Chinese tobacco companies. We als...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.2010.036079
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the impact of a 2007 cigarette tax increase from 110% to 140% of the price to the retailer on cigarette price and consumption among Mexican smokers, including efforts to offset price increases. METHODS:Data were analysed from the 2006 and 2007 administrations of the International Tobacco Control (I...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.2009.032177
更新日期:2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The purpose of this study was to examine attitudes towards attempts to limit second-hand smoke (SHS) in five Eastern European nations. METHODS:The data consist of a Eurobarometer (64.3) survey distributed from November to December 2005. Logistic regression was employed to investigate support levels for indo...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.2009.029769
更新日期:2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Low-tar cigarette smoking is gaining popularity in China. The China National Tobacco Corporation (CNTC) promotes low-tar cigarettes as safer than regular cigarettes. METHODS:A total of 543 male smokers smoking cigarettes with different tar yields (15 mg, regular cigarettes, 10-13 mg low-tar cigarettes and <...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.2009.033092
更新日期:2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the perceived effectiveness of cigarette health warnings in China, compared with picture and text-only warnings from other countries. METHOD:1169 individuals (adult smokers, adult nonsmokers and youth) from four Chinese cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Kunming and Yinchuan) viewed 10 health warnings on c...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.2010.036483
更新日期:2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Increasing the price of cigarettes reduces consumption, with a global price elasticity of approximately -0.4. In the UK where the cost of cigarettes is already relatively high, there is an issue surrounding public acceptance of further price rises ahead of the inflation rate. Previous research suggests that p...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.2009.033274
更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To estimate youth exposure to smoking in movies in the UK and compare the likely effect with the USA. METHODS:We collected tobacco occurrences data for 572 top-grossing films in the UK screened from 2001 to 2006 and estimated the number of on-screen tobacco impressions delivered to British youths in this tim...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.2009.034991
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00